Parts of the Brain and Their Function

While it may not be the biggest organ (typically weighing 3 pounds), the brain is arguably the most important structure in the human body. Its complex systems are responsible for various functions, including cognition, emotion, memory, and motor control. The central nervous system (CNS) comprises the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system (PNS) consists of spinal nerves that branch from the spinal cord and cranial nerves.

It can be broadly divided into several main regions, each with its specific functions:

Cerebrum:

The cerebrum, the largest part of the brain, is divided into two hemispheres (left and right). Higher cognitive functions, such as thinking, perception, imagination, reasoning, and voluntary movement are completed in this portion of the encephalon.

The outer layer of the cerebrum – the cerebral cortex – plays a crucial role in processing sensory information. Its four distinct lobes play a specific role:

• Frontal lobe: Associated with reasoning, planning, problem-solving, decision-making, and voluntary movement.

• Parietal lobe: Processes sensory information, including touch, temperature, and pain, as well as spatial awareness and perception.

• Temporal lobe: Involved in auditory processing, memory, language, and emotion.

• Occipital lobe: Primarily responsible for processing visual information.

Cerebellum:

The cerebellum, located below the cerebrum and behind the brainstem, coordinates voluntary movements, balance, and posture.  In conjunction with the cerebrum, it receives information from sensory systems such as the spinal cord that helps fine-tune motor activity.  

Brainstem:

The brainstem connects the brain to the spinal cord. It is essential for basic life functions.

• Comprises the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata.

• Regulates functions such as heart rate, breathing, swallowing, digestion, and sleep/wake cycles.

• Acts as a relay station for sensory and motor signals between the brain and spinal cord.

Comprehending the functions of these brain regions provides insights into how the brain processes information, controls behavior, and maintains homeostasis in the body. Dysfunction or damage to any of these areas can result in various neurological and psychological disorders, which can be specified by which region of the skull sustained damage.